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Zahhak, a MythSource painting
Persian

Zahhak

01Identity

Zohak became king by killing his own father, talked into the murder step by step by Ahriman, the spirit of evil, who had first won a place in the young man's household as his cook. Once Zohak held the throne, that same cook taught him to eat meat for the first time, using nothing but his own cooking to do it. Zohak went on to conquer Jemshid, a king credited with the first iron weapons and the invention of perfume and medicine, had him sawn in two, and ruled for a thousand years in which magic was honoured over virtue. By then a smith named Kaveh could accuse him, to his face, of feeding his own murdered sons to two serpents kept at Zohak's court. Warned in a dream that a prince named Feridun would destroy him, Zohak ordered a massacre, but was himself beaten down and chained inside a mountain instead.

  • In one telling, Azidahaka took the form of a serpent with three heads, six eyes and three pairs of fangs before being recast as a human king of Babylon (Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959))
Top questions
02Family
Mardas
Zahhak

with Arnavāz, Shahrnāz

03The names

Zohak

the spelling this translation uses throughout for Zahhak

SourceLarousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959)

Azidahaka

the demon Zohak is called an incarnation of; also written Ahzi Dahak or Azhi Dahaka depending on the telling

SourceLarousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959)

04The myths

3 myths, with sources recorded for each, with 1 reviewed modern rework linked where the evidence supports it.

Ahriman, the spirit of evil, found in the ambitious son of a desert king exactly the opening he needed. That son was Zohak. Ahriman did not tempt him all at once: little by little, patiently, not through one temptation but through many, he drew Zohak in, until Zohak belonged to him entirely, his creature in every sense that mattered. It was only then that the purpose behind all that patient work became clear. Ahriman persuaded Zohak to kill his own father. Zohak did it. His father dead, he seized the throne, and the ambitious son of a desert king was, from that day, a king himself.

With the throne won, Ahriman changed his method rather than his aim. He installed himself inside Zohak's own castle, taking a place there as the new king's cook, and he stayed close to him in that role from then on. His cooking was genuinely skilled, and that skill was put to a further purpose. Dish by dish, using nothing more than his cooking, Ahriman taught the new king to eat the flesh of animals, a food Zohak had not eaten before his own cook brought it to his table.

Ahriman's Kiss and the Two Serpents, a MythSource painting of the scene

1 source· checked 2026-09-02

  1. 1Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959)T1

Jemshid ruled long and well, credited with the first iron weapons, with linen and silk cloth, with work in precious stones, with perfume and the art of medicine. Power undid him. Intoxicated with it, Jemshid committed the sin of pride, and that sin left him open to Zohak, the incarnation of the druj Azidahaka. Zohak, by then himself changed into a redoubtable demon, vanquished Jemshid and had him sawn in two, then reigned over the earth for a thousand years. Under his rule, the old decencies broke down; wickedness had its way; people honoured magic over virtue, drove righteousness into hiding, and let vice show itself openly.

Other tellings give Jemshid's fall a different cause. In one, the sin was not pride but incest: Yima, under his older name, married his own sister, and the serpent Ahzi Dahak killed him for it. In another, older still, the cause was neither pride nor incest but jealousy, and the enemy is named plainly as Azidahaka: a serpent with three heads, six eyes and three pairs of fangs, who dethroned Yima out of envy long before Arab historians remade him as Zohak, a mythical king of Babylon and the constant enemy of Persia. Every version agrees on one thing: it is Zohak, whatever his shape or his motive, who ends Jemshid's reign.

The Overthrow of Jamshid, a MythSource painting of the scene

4 sources· checked 2026-09-02

  1. 1Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959)T1
  2. 2Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959)T1
  3. 3Creation Myths of the World: Parts I-IIT1
  4. 4Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959)T1

Zohak dreamed one night that he was beaten and put in chains by a young prince. Shaken, he summoned his advisers, the Mobeds, and asked them to interpret it. All fell silent. Only Zirek Mobed, wise and honest, spoke plainly: everyone born of woman dies, he told Zohak, and even a rampart of well-worked iron falls in time. Someone would inherit Zohak's throne and overthrow his power; that someone's name would be Feridun. In terror, Zohak ordered a massacre.

Not long after, a smith named Kaveh came before the king demanding justice. Asked to name the man who had wronged him, Kaveh struck his own head with his hands and made his accusation: his sons' brains, every one of them, had been fed to the king's serpents, and he held the king to account for it. Neither gifts nor words could appease him. He left still angry, and his anger spread: he tied his smith's apron to the end of a lance for a banner, gathered a body of partisans, and led them towards Feridun's palace. Feridun took the smith and his banner as a sign, and decided then to take up arms against Zohak. He set out with his club and his little army, his heart full of joy, and as he marched an angel came down from heaven to instruct him.

At the palace, the confrontation was short. Just as Zohak drew his sword, Feridun, also called Thraetona in the older telling, struck him down with his club. An angel then intervened and commanded Feridun not to kill the demon. Instead, he was to bind him firmly and afterwards chain him in a rocky cavern under Mount Demavand. With Zohak beaten, Feridun mounted the throne at last, avenging both Jemshid and his own father.

Not every telling agrees on how Zohak was finally shut away. One account has Feridun bind him and chain him beneath the mountain. Another says Thraetona instead tunnelled deep into a hillside, threw the demon into a dark cave inside it, and sealed the only way out with solid rock. Both versions agree that Zohak was beaten and imprisoned for good under a mountain; they disagree only on the method: chains, or a hillside sealed shut.

The Chaining of Zahhak Beneath Mount Damavand, a MythSource painting of the scene

In the modern world

Kova the Blacksmith

Film

A blacksmith's rebellion against the tyrant Zahhak carries over directly, condensed into a ten-minute cutout-animation retelling for children.

5 sources· checked 2026-09-02

  1. 1Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959)T1
  2. 2Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959)T1
  3. 3Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959)T1
  4. 4Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959)T1
  5. 5Persian MythologyT1

Works that draw on more of the mythology than any single story: full retellings of the saga, and worlds built out of the material.

The Last Fiction

Film

Ahriman corrupting an ambitious ruler into tyranny, and a prophesied young challenger, Fereydun, called Afaridoun here, destined to rise against him, both carried into an original animated feature spanning Zahhak's whole rise and fall.

05Different accounts
›Three different causes are given for Jemshid's fall: pride (his own arrogance leaves him vulnerable), incest (in Leeming's version, marrying his own sister brings the serpent Ahzi Dahak down on him), and jealousy (Azidahaka dethrones him out of envy, in an older tradition folded into the same account). All three agree that it is Zohak, or Azidahaka, who ends his reign.

    The accounts that differ: Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959), Mythology Of Ancient Persia - 319; Creation Myths of the World: Parts I-II, Persian (Iranian); Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959), Divine Figures And Legends

    From “The Overthrow of Jamshid”

    ›The anchor account has Feridun bind Zohak and chain him in a rocky cavern under Mount Demavand. A weaker, later source (Nardo's Persian Mythology) gives a different mechanism: Thraetaona tunnels into a hillside, throws Zohak inside, and seals the shaft with solid rock. Both agree Zohak is defeated and imprisoned under a mountain for good; they disagree only on how.

      The accounts that differ: Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959), Mythology Of Ancient Persia - 319; Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (ed. Félix Guirand, 1959), Divine Figures And Legends; Persian Mythology, 60 Persian Mythology

      From “The Chaining of Zahhak Beneath Mount Damavand”